Chhandamna chungchangah Augustine leh Pelagius-a khan thu inchuh an nei a, Pelagius-a khan “Chhandamna hi kan thawh rah liau liau atanga kan hmuh theih a ni” a ti a, Augustine-a erawh chuan “Kan mimal theihna leh thahnemngaihnate hian chhandamna min thlen thei lo, Pathian khawngaihna kan mamawh a ni” a ti thung. Augustine-a tanfung hi Kohhranin a pawm ta zawk a, Pelagius-a ngaihdan erawh hnawl sakin, zirtirna dik loah a pawm ta zawk a ni. Amaherawhchu, kan tunlai khawvel en hi chuan Augustine-a ni loin Pelagius-a ngaihdan hian huhang a ngah zawk a tih theih awm e. Kan tih ni lo, kan thawh rah ni lo atanga hamthatna kan dawnte chu kan en kan nasa tawh em em a, mimal theihna atanga lo chhuak vekah kan ngai ta emaw tih turin khawngaihna chu mimal theihna leh zalenna in a hliah khuh hneh ta hle a, chu chuan mihring inlaichinna pawh a tithuanawp nasa em em a ni.
Enge Khawngaihna Chu?
Khawngaihna hian thih hnu piah lam (Chhandamna) chauh a kawk lo a, khawvel kan nun honaah ngei hian a nung a, a awm reng zawk a. Mahse chu chu, kan hnualsuatin kan haider a, a hlutna leh a awmze thuk tak te chu mihring mimal zalenna hmachhuanna leh chapona te chuan a rawn hliah khuh zo ta a ni. Khawngaihna awmze thuk leh mawlmang tak si hre tur chuan eng nge khawngaihna ep (opposite) kan hriat hmasak a ngai, eng nge khawngaihna ep chu? “Midang mamawh lo, mahni zalenna leh mahni theihna hmachhuanin ka awm thei a, ka hlawhtlinna te hi keima thawh rah liau liau a ni” tih ngaihdan hi khawngaihna hmelma lian ber chu a ni, hei hi Pelagius-a ngaihdan innghahna a ni bawk. Chhandamna (salvation) hi keimahni thawh chhuah ngeiin kan hmu thei kan tih hian eng nge a entir kan tih chuan- Pathian kan mamawh lo a, a khawngaihna kan mamawh lo tihna a kawk nghal a, mihring leh Pathian inzawmna a bosal nghal tihna a ni. Hetiang chiah hian, mihring khawsak honaah pawh mimal chapona leh indahsanna chuan mihring leh mihring inlaichinna a hlamchhiah a, midang mamawh lo a inngaihna leh mahni tanghma haina a rawn ti-punlun nasa hle a ni. Pathian nen kan inkar hnualsuat anih ang thoin, mihring leh mihring inkar a hnualsuat a ni.
Khawngaihna kalh a chetna chu eng nge? Ka thawh rah liau liau tih ngaihdan emaw, ka phu ve reng a ni, tih ang ngaihdan a khawvel kan thlirna hi a ni. Chhandam i nih theihna chu i thawh rah vang ngawt a ni thei lo a, Pathian khawngaihna vang zawk a nih ang bawkin, i hlawhtlinna, hausakna, thiamna, larna, adt, te pawh nangma thawh rah bik liau liau a ni thei lo a, khawngaihna i dawn atang zawk tihna a ni. Chuti anih chuan, thawhrimna leh taihmakna pawimawhna kan sawi bo tihna em ni? Ni lo e, sawi bo tihna a ni reng reng lo, a pawimawhna ala ngai reng a, mahse mimal theihna a innghat vek anga kan sawi erawh chuan taihmakna leh thawhrimna te chu an nihna bakin kan sawi vul tihna a ni dawn a, khawngaihna kan hnualsuat tihna a ni bawk.
Mimal Thil leh Khawngaihna
Changkanna/tunlaina (modernity)-in a rawn ken tel pakhat chu mihring thiltihtheihna leh chakna hmachhuanna hi a ni a, science leh technology-ah nasa takin hma kan sawn a. He hmasawnna hian mihring zalenna chu a rawn dah chungnung hle a, mimal theuhin theihna kan neihte rawn la vawngin, engkima engkimah a rawn ngai ta hial a, modernity atang chuan capitalism a rawn piang a ni. Eng nge capitalism chu? A awlsam thei ang bera sawi chuan, ‘mimal thil (private property) dah pawimawh lawrlakna’ tiin dah ila a sual tam awm lo e. Hei hian khawvel kalphung chu nasa takin a sawi danglam a, ei leh bar leh thil danga hmasawnna tam tak a rawn thlen a tih theih ang. Mahse chu chuan kalpui tha lo tak a nei ta thung a ni. Eng nge chu thil chu? Hausa te an hausak belh vak vak a, rethei te an retheih belh thung a ni. Economy a hmasawnna nasa tak a awm chuan a hnuaihnung berte pawhin a hlawkna te an tel phak vek tur ni a lang si kha, kha hmasawnna leh hlawkna kha mi tlemte chauh kutah a lut ta zawk a ni. Tunlai khawvel pawh en ila, India mipui 1% vel chiah kutah ram hausakna 40% (za zela sawmli) a awm a, US ah hian mipui 10% vel chiahin ram hausakna 60% (za a sawmruk) lawih a kawl thung, hetiang anih avang hian capitalism in hmasawnna leh hlawkna thlen mahse, mi tlemte chauh kutah a hlawkna tam ber a lut tih hi hnial rual loh a tih theih awm e. (Chu chuan loh theihlohnain a rethei te chu a hausa zawk thuhnuaiah a kun tir zel a, inrahbehna a thlen a, mihring inkar ah khi zau tak a siam a ni.) Hemi kalphung hi Karl Marx a khan a lo zirchiang hmasa ber a, a sawiselna tam tak tun thlenga la dik a la tam hle bawk. Mimal thil leh mimal zalenna dah sanna, ka thawh rah a ni, ka ta a ni, engkim ‘ka’ tihah teh luh deuh vek a ni chho a. Michael Sandel chuan he mimal dahsanna hi mihring nun tak tak nen a inpersan viauah an ngai nghet tawp a, he suangtuahna, mimala engkim teh luh vekna hi, ‘atomic individual’ tiin a dah a: a awmzia chu mimal hi a hrang hlak, midang mamawh lo leh an tel loa awm theia ngaihna a ni. He ngaihdan leh capitalism hi an in zul vek a, engkim mimal a tehin, mimal theihna chu a rawn sawi uar nasa hle a ni.
Max Weber-a khan a lehkhabu Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism-ah reformation atanga mimal pawimawhna rawn irh chhuak khan capitalism hi nasa takin a rawn vulh lian a ni a lo ti a, Sandel-a chuan hemi avang hian Kristian khawngaihna, hmun lailum chang tur kha a sira hnawl anih phah ta zawk hlauh a ni a ti. Tihian a sawi leh bawk a “khawngaihna hnathawh hnualsuatna lian tak a rawn thlen a, mihring hlawhtling te chuan hlawhtlinna chu an phu ve reng a ni a, an thawhrim vang a ni a, an hausakna pawh an phu reng a ni, hlawhchham te erawhin an phu ve loh vang a ni tih chu an philosophy innghahna laimu ber chu a ni.” Prosperity gospelte pawh a rawn pianchhuah chhanah a puh hial a, Pathian thu pawh lawmman leh hremna (reward and punishment) ang zawnga rawn keuh thluk a ni chho a. Mihausa te chu an phu avanga Pathian malsawmna dawng an ni tih rinna chu a rawn theh lar ta vak a ni. Sandels-a hian mimal mawhphurhna dah sanna atanga engkim tehna hi meritocracy tiin a sawi a, mimal hlawhtlinna hi phu ve reng vang a ni a, mimal hlawhchhamna pawh a phu loh vang ti a thuang hnih ‘winners and losers’ ang tawpa thlirna chu a lo chhuah phah a ni, a ti.
Hlawhtlinna, hausakna, hriselna, adt, hi mimal thawh rah atang veka kan neih theih a ni ti a, a saptawnga self sufficient an tih ngaihdan chuan khawthlang ram chu a tuam hneh ta em em a. Hemi ngaihdan mumal taka rawn zirchianga a, rawn paih thlak tum Marx-an a lehkhabu Economic and Philosophical Manuscript-ah khan “mimal (individual) kan tih hi thil awm thei lo” a lo ti hial a ni. Marx a hian mimal a sawi bo fai vek tihna a ni lo a, mimal chu midang, a mihringpui te, khawtlang leh ramah a innghat a tihna a ni. Mimal chu a mihringpui te lak atanga lak hran theih a ni tih hi Marx a chuan dawt muhlum a ni a tihna nih ber chu. In pawm zawng a ni em? A dik nge dik lo, entirna nen sawi han tum chhin ila: Siama chu mi hausa hlawhtling tak a ni a, a thawhrimna leh a thiamna te chu ama thawhrah vek niin a ngaia, mahse Marx a chuan ti hian a zawt ang, zirna tha i dawn kha i thawh rah a ni em? Lehkha zir thei tura hriselna i dawn kha i thawh rah a ni em? I ei tur leh in tur te kha tute atanga i dawn nge? I nu leh pa hausakna leh an taimak zar i ti maw? Anih leh i nu leh pa te pawh chu zawhna ngai vek khi zawt leh ila enge an chhanna ni ang? In mamawh tawn theuh kan nihna kan hmuh hmaih hian kan mimal theihna te kan hmachhuan a, midang atanga kan dawn leh midang zar kan zona te kan theihnghilh thin a, heng zawng zawng kan thlir tel chuan mimal thahnemngaihna lo tawk loh zia a chiang em em a ni. Siama chu khawtlang, a mihringpuite, a thenawmte, sawrkar leh ram, adt, tel loin a hlawhtlinna leh hausakna te a nei thei dawn reng reng lo tihna nih chu; hei vang hi ania, mimal hausa lutuk an awm lai a, mi rethei lutuk an awm hi Marx-an a pawm theih miah loh ni, a awmzia chu, kan hausakna leh kan hlawhtlinna te kan thawh rah bik chauh anih loh chuan engemaw chenah kan intawm a tulna hi Marx a chuan a hmu chiang hle a ni.
Kristian sakhaw zirtirna danglam bikna chu khawngaihna kan tih tawh kha, mahse he khawngaihna hian hmun pawimawh a chang pha meuh lo a, chuvang chu a ni Marx-a ten khawngaihna thu an rawn au chhuahpui ve tak ni. A awmzia chu, Marx-a sawi tamtak hi Kristian zirtirnain alo sawi vek tawh thil a ni. St. Basil te pawh khan hausa leh rethei inkar zau hi Kristian rinna nen thil kal kawp thei loah a ngai hmiah bawk. “I kawr haksen loh neihte kha, miretheite ta a ni a, I thawm hnaw hak sen loh te kha, mi retheite thawmhnaw a ni” tiin homily ah a sawi a ni. ( Luka 3:11 ah Johana chuan “Tupawh kawr pahnih nei chuan a nei lo hnenah pe rawh se; tupawh ei nei chuan chutiang bawkin ti rawh se,” a lo ti daih tawh a ni.)
Rene Girard a pawh khan Kristian sakhaw zirtirna danglamna chu mi hnuaihnung, mi chanhai, engatanmah an ngaih loh te a rawn dah pawimawhna hi a ni a lo ti bawk a, hei hi pagan ho thuthlung nen a in persan viau a ti bawk. A chhan chu pagan ho chuan khawngaihna hi an ngaipawimawh lem lo a, sal leh mi hnuaihnung, chanhai te ngat phei chu an sakhuanaah hmun pawimawh an changlo hle a ni. Hemi chungchang rawn sawifiah bertu tih theih tur chu German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche-a kha a ni awm e, Kristian sakhua kha a haw em em a, mahse a huat chhan kha Kristian Sakhua nihna a ni lawi si! A lehkhabu On The Genealogy of Morals kan en chuan, Pagan hoin mi chak leh mi ropuite morality an dahsanna kha Kristian sakhuain a rawn letling thawk tiin a sawi anih kha. Mi chak leh mi ropuite theihna, mihring theihna leh themthiamna daltu ah Kristian sakhua kha a ngai nghet tlat a; Kristianna vangin, huaisenna leh ropuina chu khawngaihna leh dawrawmna hmachhuanna in a rawn lem zo ta vek a ti a ni. Chuvangin Nietzsche chuan he mi dawràwm morality (slave morality) hi kan hnawl a, mihring nihna diktak kan par vul tir leh a ngai tih hi a pawm nghet hmiah mai ni.
Mimal zalenna leh theihna te hi Kristian zirtirna hian a hnawl hlawm tawp tihna em ni? Khawngaihnain hmun pawimawh tak a chan vang hian zalenna a sawi bo tihna a ni lo a, zalenna ngei ngei pawh khawngaihnaah hian a innghat zawk tihna a ni. Augustine-a’n chhandamna hi kan mihring theihnain kan chang thei lo, khawngaihna kan mamawh a tih ang tho khan, khawvel a kan nitin nunah pawh hian khawngaihna kan mamawh reng a ni. A awmzia chu kan zalenna, hlawhtlinna, hausakna leh kan thiamna te hi kan mimal thawh rah liau liau ah kan ngai thin a, mahse thil nihna kan hmuh chian chuan mimal theihna piah lam zar kan zo nasa tih hi a chiang em em a ni. Mimal hian a tih ni miah lo hamthatna a dawn te hi a hriat fiah a ngai a, midang atanga a dawn anihna a hmuhfiah hmasak a ngai; a hmuh fiah hunah chuan khawngaihna a varpawh thei chauh ang, a hlawhtlinna leh hausakna, a sum kawl tam tak te chu ama ta chauh a ni lo tih a hria anga, chu chuan amah chauha pumbilh aiin sem chhuah duhna alo lian zawk dawn a ni.
Sem Sem Dam Dam, Ei Bil Thi Thi
Mizo in Kristianna kan hmelhriat hma daih atang tawha thu vawn lar tak kan neih chu “sem sem dam dam, ei bil thi thi” tih hi a ni a. Hei hian a entir chu Kristianna kan hriat hma khan khawngaihna hian Mizo khawtlang nunah hmun pawimawh alo chang daih tawh tihna a ni. He sem duhna thinlung hi mi, an harsat vang, an tlakchham vang leh an phu ve reng vang ai mahin, kan thil neih te hi kan ta chauh a ni lo a, midang ta pawh a ni tih an lo hmuh chian em vang niin; chumi tichiangtu chu, sem sem dam dam tih duh tawk lo a ei bil thi thi in a rawn zawm nghal chatna hi a ni. Ei bil hi thil sualah kan lo ngai daih tawh tihna ni a, chuvang chuan khawngaihna hi Mizo zia ah alo bet reng tawh zawk a ni. Mimal aiin khawtlang leh a huho thil khan hmun pawimawh a chang zawk a, mahse mimal erawh a bo tihna a ni lo, mimal duh ang tawka a awm theihna pawh midang kutah engemaw chen a in nghat tho tho a ni. Marx an “mimal tih hi thil awm thei lo a ni e” a ti ang deuh tho khan, mimal midang mamawh lo (self-sufficient individual) tih hi Mizo ngaihtuahnaah chuan a awm lo a tih theih awm e. Mahse modernity kan hmelhriat chhoh hnu hian mimal thil dah pawimawhna leh dah sanna chuan mi a rawn luh chilh ve tan a, hei hi thil pawi leh hlauhawmah ngaih vek theih a ni lo a, mimal bo vek khawpa khawtlang leh huho a chetna awm thei thil lakah mimal pawh ven him a ngai tho a ni. Mimal hi a hrang tak tak theilo tih chu a chiang thawkhat tawh a, mahse a bo fai vek tihna a nilo tih pawh kan hriat tel a tha. Anihna baka sawia, lakhran theih leh engkim amaha ti thei midang mamawhlo anga chhuah kan tumna, ei bil pawisaklohnate hi kan sim zawk tur chu a ni.
Mathematics a hunrei tak chawh fel theih loh Poincare Conjecture rawn chawk chhuaktu Grigori Perelman kha Field Medal(Mathematics a chawimawina sang ber) dawng tura thlan a ni a, mahse Perelman khan a hnar ta tlat a, a hnar chhan zinga an sawi pakhat chu mimal thawhrah a nilo tiin, midang lo tih tawh zar a zo na kha a hmu pha tlat a ni. “Ka tih a nilo, kan tih a ni” ti thei tur hian, chapona dah tha a, thil nihna diktak hmuh a hriatfiah a tawk viau.
Pelagius-a tanfung kha dik zawk ni se chu, khawngaihna hian pawimawhna a nei dawn lo tihna a ni a. Libertarian hoin mimal (atomic individual) hi amahin a ding thei an tih hi a dik anih chuan hausa leh rethei inkar zau lutuk pawh thil àwmlo a ni lo tihna a ni dawn. Chuvang chuan hetiang ngaihdan dik lo, mihring inlaichinna ti bawrhbangtu hi kan hnawl a, khawngaihna kaltlanga kan inlaichinna hre reng zawkin nun ho kan tum zawk tur a ni.
(A ziaktu hi IIT Bombay-ah Philosophy subject-a PhD a ti mek a ni.)
